RESUMO
Background: An accurate assessment of the right and left ventricle and their interaction is important in pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our objective was to provide normal reference values for the right ventricular to left ventricular endsystolic (RV/LVes) ratio and the LV endsystolic eccentricity index (LVes EI) in healthy children and in children with PH. Methods: We conducted an echocardiographic study in 769 healthy children (median age: 3.36 years; range: 1 day-18 years) and validated abnormal values in 44 children with PH (median age: 2.1 years; range: 0.1 months-17.7 years). We determined the effects of gender, age, body length, body weight, and body surface area (BSA) on RV/LVes ratio and LVes EI values. The RV/LVes ratio and LVes EI were measured from the parasternal short axis view between papillary muscle from the endocardial to endocardial surfaces. Results: Both, the RV/LVes ratio and the LVes EI were highly age-dependent: (i) neonates RV/LVes ratio [median 0.83 (range 0.53-1.37)], LVes EI [1.21 (0.92-1.45)]; (ii) 12-24 months old: RV/LVes ratio: [0.55 (0.35-0.80)], LVes EI: [1.0 (0.88-1.13)]; iii) 18th year of life RV/LVes ratio: [0.53 (0.32-0.74)], LVes EI: [1.0 (0.97-1.07)]. Healthy neonates had high LVes EI and RV/LVes ratios, both gradually decreased within the first year of life and until BSA values of about 0.5 m2, body weight to about 15 kg and body length to about 75 cm, but were almost constant thereafter. Children (>1 year) and adolescents with PH had significantly higher RV/LVes ratio (no PH: median 0.55, IQR 0.49-0.60; PH: 1.02, 0.87-1.26; p < 0.001) and higher LVes EI values (no PH: 1.00, 0.98-1.00; PH: 1.53, 1.26-1.71; p < 0.001) compared to those without PH. To predict the presence of PH in children > 1 year, we found the following best cutoff values: RV/LVes ratio ≥ 0.67 (sensitivity: 1.00, specificity: 0.95) and LVes EI ≥ 1.06 (sensitivity: 1.00, specificity: 0.97). Conclusion: We provide normal echocardiographic reference values of the RV/LVes ratio and LVes EI in healthy children, as well as statistically determined cutoffs for the increased values in children with PH.
RESUMO
Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias in the adult population, in children, however, only a few case reports of isolated atrial fibrillation exist.1 Aside from post-operative AF due to atrial scar formation or suture lines and atrial enlargement in CHD (e.g., mitral stenosis), alcohol consumption represents a rare cause of AF in adolescents. We report on the latter.
